Examination of static micrographs suggests that mitochondria physically associate with chloroplasts to facilitate the efficient exchange of metabolites between the two organelles 4, 6. For example, oxidative electron transport, phosphorylation, and photorespiration in mitochondria are essential for sustaining photosynthesis in chloroplasts 4, 5. In some metabolic pathways, mitochondria function in cooperation with chloroplasts. Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in many cellular processes, such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate energy production, Ca 2+ homeostasis, and the regulation of reactive oxygen species generation 1, 2, 3. Thus, mitochondria migrate via F-actin-independent wiggling under the influence of F-actin during their association with chloroplasts in Arabidopsis. In mesophyll cells, mitochondria could migrate by wiggling, and most of these mitochondria associated with chloroplasts.
Directional movement was dependent on filamentous actin (F-actin), whereas mitochondrial wiggling was not, but slightly influenced by F-actin. The mean square displacement (MSD) analysis could separate these two movements. Directional movement leading to long-distance migration occurred at high speed with a low angle-change rate, whereas wiggling leading to short-distance migration occurred at low speed with a high angle-change rate. Here, we used confocal laser-scanning microscopy to quantitatively characterize mitochondrial movement (rate and trajectory) in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells.
However, the underlying mechanisms and roles of both types of mitochondrial movement, especially wiggling, remain to be determined.
Plant mitochondria move dynamically inside cells and this movement is classified into two types: directional movement, in which mitochondria travel long distances, and wiggling, in which mitochondria travel short distances.
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